In situ measurements of atmospheric methane at GAGE/AGAGE sites during 1985-2000 and resulting source inferences
Identifieur interne : 000214 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 000213; suivant : 000215In situ measurements of atmospheric methane at GAGE/AGAGE sites during 1985-2000 and resulting source inferences
Auteurs : D. M. Cunnold ; L. P. Steele ; P. J. Fraser ; P. G. Simmonds ; R. G. Prinn ; R. F. Weiss ; L. W. Porter ; S. O'Doherty ; R. L. Langenfelds ; P. B. Krummel ; H. J. Wang ; L. Emmons ; X. X. Tie ; E. J. DlugokenckySource :
- Journal of geophysical research [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2002.
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Abstract
[i] Continuous measurements of methane since 1986 at the Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment/Advanced Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment (GAGE/AGAGE) surface sites are described. The precisions range from approximately 10 ppb at Mace Head, Ireland, during GAGE to better than 2 ppb at Cape Grim, Tasmania, during AGAGE (i.e., since 1993). The measurements exhibit good agreement with coincident measurements of air samples from the same locations analyzed by Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) except for differences of approximately 5 ppb before 1989 (GAGE lower) and about 4 ppb from 1991 to 1995 (GAGE higher). These results are obtained before applying a factor of 1.0119 to the GAGE/AGAGE values to place them on the Tohoku University scale. The measurements combined with a 12-box atmospheric model and an assumed atmospheric lifetime of 9.1 years indicates net annual emissions (emissions minus soil sinks) of 545 Tg CH4 with a variability of only ±20 Tg from 1985 to 1997 but an increase in the emissions in 1998 of 37 ± 10 Tg. The effect of OH changes inferred by Prinn et al. [2001] is to increase the estimated methane emissions by approximately 20 Tg in the mid-1980s and to reduce them by 20 Tg in 1997 and by more thereafter. Using a two-dimensional (2-D), 12-box model with transport constrained by the GAGE/AGAGE chlorofluorocarbon measurements, we calculate that the proportion of the emissions coming from the Northern Hemisphere is between 73 and 81%, depending on the OH distribution used. However, this result includes an adjustment of 5% derived from a simulation of the 2-D estimation procedure using the 3-D MOZART model. This adjustment is needed because of the very different spatial emission distributions of the chlorofluorocarbons and methane which makes chlorofluorocarbons derived transport rates inaccurate for the 2-D simulation of methane. The 2-D model combined with the annual cycle in OH from Spivakovsky et al. [2000] provide an acceptable fit to the observed 12-month cycles in methane. The trend in the amplitude of the annual cycle of methane at Cape Grim is used to infer a trend in OH in 30°-90°S of 0 ± 5% per decade from 1985 to 2000, in qualitative agreement with Prinn et al. [2001] for the Southern Hemisphere.
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NO : | PASCAL 02-0590214 INIST |
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ET : | In situ measurements of atmospheric methane at GAGE/AGAGE sites during 1985-2000 and resulting source inferences |
AU : | CUNNOLD (D. M.); STEELE (L. P.); FRASER (P. J.); SIMMONDS (P. G.); PRINN (R. G.); WEISS (R. F.); PORTER (L. W.); O'DOHERTY (S.); LANGENFELDS (R. L.); KRUMMEL (P. B.); WANG (H. J.); EMMONS (L.); TIE (X. X.); DLUGOKENCKY (E. J.) |
AF : | School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology/Atlanta, Georgia/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 11 aut.); Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization/Aspendale, Victoria/Australie (2 aut., 3 aut., 9 aut., 10 aut.); School of Chemistry, University of Bristol/Bristol/Royaume-Uni (4 aut., 8 aut.); Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Cambridge, Massachusetts/Etats-Unis (5 aut.); Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego/La Jolla, California/Etats-Unis (6 aut.); Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, Bureau of Meteorology/Smithton, Tasmania/Australie (7 aut.); National Center for Atmospheric Research/Boulder, Colorado/Etats-Unis (12 aut., 13 aut.); Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Boulder, Colorado/Etats-Unis (14 aut.) |
DT : | Publication en série; Niveau analytique |
SO : | Journal of geophysical research; ISSN 0148-0227; Etats-Unis; Da. 2002; Vol. 107; No. D14; ACH 20.1-ACH 20.18; Bibl. 1 p.1/4 |
LA : | Anglais |
EA : | [i] Continuous measurements of methane since 1986 at the Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment/Advanced Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment (GAGE/AGAGE) surface sites are described. The precisions range from approximately 10 ppb at Mace Head, Ireland, during GAGE to better than 2 ppb at Cape Grim, Tasmania, during AGAGE (i.e., since 1993). The measurements exhibit good agreement with coincident measurements of air samples from the same locations analyzed by Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) except for differences of approximately 5 ppb before 1989 (GAGE lower) and about 4 ppb from 1991 to 1995 (GAGE higher). These results are obtained before applying a factor of 1.0119 to the GAGE/AGAGE values to place them on the Tohoku University scale. The measurements combined with a 12-box atmospheric model and an assumed atmospheric lifetime of 9.1 years indicates net annual emissions (emissions minus soil sinks) of 545 Tg CH4 with a variability of only ±20 Tg from 1985 to 1997 but an increase in the emissions in 1998 of 37 ± 10 Tg. The effect of OH changes inferred by Prinn et al. [2001] is to increase the estimated methane emissions by approximately 20 Tg in the mid-1980s and to reduce them by 20 Tg in 1997 and by more thereafter. Using a two-dimensional (2-D), 12-box model with transport constrained by the GAGE/AGAGE chlorofluorocarbon measurements, we calculate that the proportion of the emissions coming from the Northern Hemisphere is between 73 and 81%, depending on the OH distribution used. However, this result includes an adjustment of 5% derived from a simulation of the 2-D estimation procedure using the 3-D MOZART model. This adjustment is needed because of the very different spatial emission distributions of the chlorofluorocarbons and methane which makes chlorofluorocarbons derived transport rates inaccurate for the 2-D simulation of methane. The 2-D model combined with the annual cycle in OH from Spivakovsky et al. [2000] provide an acceptable fit to the observed 12-month cycles in methane. The trend in the amplitude of the annual cycle of methane at Cape Grim is used to infer a trend in OH in 30°-90°S of 0 ± 5% per decade from 1985 to 2000, in qualitative agreement with Prinn et al. [2001] for the Southern Hemisphere. |
CC : | 001E02D04 |
FD : | Mesure in situ; Méthane; Monitorage; Modèle boîte; Modèle atmosphère; Emission gaz; Répartition spatiale; Variation annuelle; Troposphère; Echelle planétaire |
ED : | Measurement in situ; Methane; Monitoring; Box model; Atmosphere model; Gas emission; Spatial distribution; Annual variation; Troposphere; Planetary scale |
SD : | Medición en sitio; Metano; Monitoreo; Modelo caja; Modelo atmósfera; Emisión gas; Distribución espacial; Variación anual; Troposfera; Escala planetaria |
LO : | INIST-3144.354000105376120430 |
ID : | 02-0590214 |
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Pascal:02-0590214Le document en format XML
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<series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of geophysical research</title>
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<term>Measurement in situ</term>
<term>Methane</term>
<term>Monitoring</term>
<term>Planetary scale</term>
<term>Spatial distribution</term>
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<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mesure in situ</term>
<term>Méthane</term>
<term>Monitorage</term>
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<term>Modèle atmosphère</term>
<term>Emission gaz</term>
<term>Répartition spatiale</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">[i] Continuous measurements of methane since 1986 at the Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment/Advanced Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment (GAGE/AGAGE) surface sites are described. The precisions range from approximately 10 ppb at Mace Head, Ireland, during GAGE to better than 2 ppb at Cape Grim, Tasmania, during AGAGE (i.e., since 1993). The measurements exhibit good agreement with coincident measurements of air samples from the same locations analyzed by Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) except for differences of approximately 5 ppb before 1989 (GAGE lower) and about 4 ppb from 1991 to 1995 (GAGE higher). These results are obtained before applying a factor of 1.0119 to the GAGE/AGAGE values to place them on the Tohoku University scale. The measurements combined with a 12-box atmospheric model and an assumed atmospheric lifetime of 9.1 years indicates net annual emissions (emissions minus soil sinks) of 545 Tg CH<sub>4</sub>
with a variability of only ±20 Tg from 1985 to 1997 but an increase in the emissions in 1998 of 37 ± 10 Tg. The effect of OH changes inferred by Prinn et al. [2001] is to increase the estimated methane emissions by approximately 20 Tg in the mid-1980s and to reduce them by 20 Tg in 1997 and by more thereafter. Using a two-dimensional (2-D), 12-box model with transport constrained by the GAGE/AGAGE chlorofluorocarbon measurements, we calculate that the proportion of the emissions coming from the Northern Hemisphere is between 73 and 81%, depending on the OH distribution used. However, this result includes an adjustment of 5% derived from a simulation of the 2-D estimation procedure using the 3-D MOZART model. This adjustment is needed because of the very different spatial emission distributions of the chlorofluorocarbons and methane which makes chlorofluorocarbons derived transport rates inaccurate for the 2-D simulation of methane. The 2-D model combined with the annual cycle in OH from Spivakovsky et al. [2000] provide an acceptable fit to the observed 12-month cycles in methane. The trend in the amplitude of the annual cycle of methane at Cape Grim is used to infer a trend in OH in 30°-90°S of 0 ± 5% per decade from 1985 to 2000, in qualitative agreement with Prinn et al. [2001] for the Southern Hemisphere.</div>
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<fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>CUNNOLD (D. M.)</s1>
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<fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>SIMMONDS (P. G.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>PRINN (R. G.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>WEISS (R. F.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>PORTER (L. W.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>O'DOHERTY (S.)</s1>
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<fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>LANGENFELDS (R. L.)</s1>
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<fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>KRUMMEL (P. B.)</s1>
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<fA11 i1="12" i2="1"><s1>EMMONS (L.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="13" i2="1"><s1>TIE (X. X.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="14" i2="1"><s1>DLUGOKENCKY (E. J.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA14 i1="01"><s1>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology</s1>
<s2>Atlanta, Georgia</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="02"><s1>Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</s1>
<s2>Aspendale, Victoria</s2>
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<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
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<fA14 i1="03"><s1>School of Chemistry, University of Bristol</s1>
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<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology</s1>
<s2>Cambridge, Massachusetts</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="05"><s1>Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego</s1>
<s2>La Jolla, California</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="06"><s1>Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, Bureau of Meteorology</s1>
<s2>Smithton, Tasmania</s2>
<s3>AUS</s3>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="07"><s1>National Center for Atmospheric Research</s1>
<s2>Boulder, Colorado</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="08"><s1>Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</s1>
<s2>Boulder, Colorado</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA20><s2>ACH 20.1-ACH 20.18</s2>
</fA20>
<fA21><s1>2002</s1>
</fA21>
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</fA23>
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<s2>3144</s2>
<s5>354000105376120430</s5>
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<fA44><s0>0000</s0>
<s1>© 2002 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1>
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<fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>02-0590214</s0>
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<fA60><s1>P</s1>
</fA60>
<fA61><s0>A</s0>
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<fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Journal of geophysical research</s0>
</fA64>
<fA66 i1="01"><s0>USA</s0>
</fA66>
<fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>[i] Continuous measurements of methane since 1986 at the Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment/Advanced Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment (GAGE/AGAGE) surface sites are described. The precisions range from approximately 10 ppb at Mace Head, Ireland, during GAGE to better than 2 ppb at Cape Grim, Tasmania, during AGAGE (i.e., since 1993). The measurements exhibit good agreement with coincident measurements of air samples from the same locations analyzed by Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) except for differences of approximately 5 ppb before 1989 (GAGE lower) and about 4 ppb from 1991 to 1995 (GAGE higher). These results are obtained before applying a factor of 1.0119 to the GAGE/AGAGE values to place them on the Tohoku University scale. The measurements combined with a 12-box atmospheric model and an assumed atmospheric lifetime of 9.1 years indicates net annual emissions (emissions minus soil sinks) of 545 Tg CH<sub>4</sub>
with a variability of only ±20 Tg from 1985 to 1997 but an increase in the emissions in 1998 of 37 ± 10 Tg. The effect of OH changes inferred by Prinn et al. [2001] is to increase the estimated methane emissions by approximately 20 Tg in the mid-1980s and to reduce them by 20 Tg in 1997 and by more thereafter. Using a two-dimensional (2-D), 12-box model with transport constrained by the GAGE/AGAGE chlorofluorocarbon measurements, we calculate that the proportion of the emissions coming from the Northern Hemisphere is between 73 and 81%, depending on the OH distribution used. However, this result includes an adjustment of 5% derived from a simulation of the 2-D estimation procedure using the 3-D MOZART model. This adjustment is needed because of the very different spatial emission distributions of the chlorofluorocarbons and methane which makes chlorofluorocarbons derived transport rates inaccurate for the 2-D simulation of methane. The 2-D model combined with the annual cycle in OH from Spivakovsky et al. [2000] provide an acceptable fit to the observed 12-month cycles in methane. The trend in the amplitude of the annual cycle of methane at Cape Grim is used to infer a trend in OH in 30°-90°S of 0 ± 5% per decade from 1985 to 2000, in qualitative agreement with Prinn et al. [2001] for the Southern Hemisphere.</s0>
</fC01>
<fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>001E02D04</s0>
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<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Medición en sitio</s0>
<s5>26</s5>
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<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>27</s5>
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<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Methane</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
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<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Metano</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FX</s2>
<s5>27</s5>
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<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Monitorage</s0>
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<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Monitoring</s0>
<s5>28</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Monitoreo</s0>
<s5>28</s5>
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<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Modèle boîte</s0>
<s5>29</s5>
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<s5>29</s5>
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<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Modelo caja</s0>
<s5>29</s5>
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<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Modèle atmosphère</s0>
<s5>30</s5>
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<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Atmosphere model</s0>
<s5>30</s5>
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<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Modelo atmósfera</s0>
<s5>30</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Emission gaz</s0>
<s5>31</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Gas emission</s0>
<s5>31</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Emisión gas</s0>
<s5>31</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Répartition spatiale</s0>
<s5>32</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Spatial distribution</s0>
<s5>32</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Distribución espacial</s0>
<s5>32</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Variation annuelle</s0>
<s5>33</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Annual variation</s0>
<s5>33</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Variación anual</s0>
<s5>33</s5>
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<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Troposphère</s0>
<s5>34</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Troposphere</s0>
<s5>34</s5>
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<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Troposfera</s0>
<s5>34</s5>
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<s5>35</s5>
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<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Planetary scale</s0>
<s5>35</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Escala planetaria</s0>
<s5>35</s5>
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<fN21><s1>351</s1>
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<server><NO>PASCAL 02-0590214 INIST</NO>
<ET>In situ measurements of atmospheric methane at GAGE/AGAGE sites during 1985-2000 and resulting source inferences</ET>
<AU>CUNNOLD (D. M.); STEELE (L. P.); FRASER (P. J.); SIMMONDS (P. G.); PRINN (R. G.); WEISS (R. F.); PORTER (L. W.); O'DOHERTY (S.); LANGENFELDS (R. L.); KRUMMEL (P. B.); WANG (H. J.); EMMONS (L.); TIE (X. X.); DLUGOKENCKY (E. J.)</AU>
<AF>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology/Atlanta, Georgia/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 11 aut.); Atmospheric Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization/Aspendale, Victoria/Australie (2 aut., 3 aut., 9 aut., 10 aut.); School of Chemistry, University of Bristol/Bristol/Royaume-Uni (4 aut., 8 aut.); Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Cambridge, Massachusetts/Etats-Unis (5 aut.); Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego/La Jolla, California/Etats-Unis (6 aut.); Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, Bureau of Meteorology/Smithton, Tasmania/Australie (7 aut.); National Center for Atmospheric Research/Boulder, Colorado/Etats-Unis (12 aut., 13 aut.); Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Boulder, Colorado/Etats-Unis (14 aut.)</AF>
<DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT>
<SO>Journal of geophysical research; ISSN 0148-0227; Etats-Unis; Da. 2002; Vol. 107; No. D14; ACH 20.1-ACH 20.18; Bibl. 1 p.1/4</SO>
<LA>Anglais</LA>
<EA>[i] Continuous measurements of methane since 1986 at the Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment/Advanced Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment (GAGE/AGAGE) surface sites are described. The precisions range from approximately 10 ppb at Mace Head, Ireland, during GAGE to better than 2 ppb at Cape Grim, Tasmania, during AGAGE (i.e., since 1993). The measurements exhibit good agreement with coincident measurements of air samples from the same locations analyzed by Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) except for differences of approximately 5 ppb before 1989 (GAGE lower) and about 4 ppb from 1991 to 1995 (GAGE higher). These results are obtained before applying a factor of 1.0119 to the GAGE/AGAGE values to place them on the Tohoku University scale. The measurements combined with a 12-box atmospheric model and an assumed atmospheric lifetime of 9.1 years indicates net annual emissions (emissions minus soil sinks) of 545 Tg CH<sub>4</sub>
with a variability of only ±20 Tg from 1985 to 1997 but an increase in the emissions in 1998 of 37 ± 10 Tg. The effect of OH changes inferred by Prinn et al. [2001] is to increase the estimated methane emissions by approximately 20 Tg in the mid-1980s and to reduce them by 20 Tg in 1997 and by more thereafter. Using a two-dimensional (2-D), 12-box model with transport constrained by the GAGE/AGAGE chlorofluorocarbon measurements, we calculate that the proportion of the emissions coming from the Northern Hemisphere is between 73 and 81%, depending on the OH distribution used. However, this result includes an adjustment of 5% derived from a simulation of the 2-D estimation procedure using the 3-D MOZART model. This adjustment is needed because of the very different spatial emission distributions of the chlorofluorocarbons and methane which makes chlorofluorocarbons derived transport rates inaccurate for the 2-D simulation of methane. The 2-D model combined with the annual cycle in OH from Spivakovsky et al. [2000] provide an acceptable fit to the observed 12-month cycles in methane. The trend in the amplitude of the annual cycle of methane at Cape Grim is used to infer a trend in OH in 30°-90°S of 0 ± 5% per decade from 1985 to 2000, in qualitative agreement with Prinn et al. [2001] for the Southern Hemisphere.</EA>
<CC>001E02D04</CC>
<FD>Mesure in situ; Méthane; Monitorage; Modèle boîte; Modèle atmosphère; Emission gaz; Répartition spatiale; Variation annuelle; Troposphère; Echelle planétaire</FD>
<ED>Measurement in situ; Methane; Monitoring; Box model; Atmosphere model; Gas emission; Spatial distribution; Annual variation; Troposphere; Planetary scale</ED>
<SD>Medición en sitio; Metano; Monitoreo; Modelo caja; Modelo atmósfera; Emisión gas; Distribución espacial; Variación anual; Troposfera; Escala planetaria</SD>
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